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Question Answering

Awesome Question Answering Awesome

A curated list of the __Question Answering (QA)__ subject which is a computer science discipline within the fields of information retrieval and natural language processing (NLP) toward using machine learning and deep learning

정보 검색 및 자연 언어 처리 분야의 질의응답에 관한 큐레이션 - 머신러닝과 딥러닝 단계까지
问答系统主题的精选列表,是信息检索和自然语言处理领域的计算机科学学科 - 使用机器学习和深度学习

Recent QA Models

Recent Language Models

AAAI 2020

ACL 2019

EMNLP-IJCNLP 2019

Arxiv

Dataset

About QA

Types of QA

  • Single-turn QA: answer without considering any context
  • Conversational QA: use previsous conversation turns

Subtypes of QA

  • Knowledge-based QA
  • Table/List-based QA
  • Text-based QA
  • Community-based QA
  • Visual QA

Analysis and Parsing for Pre-processing in QA systems

Lanugage Analysis 1. Morphological analysis 2. Named Entity Recognition(NER) 3. Homonyms / Polysemy Analysis 4. Syntactic Parsing (Dependency Parsing) 5. Semantic Recognition

Most QA systems have roughly 3 parts

  1. Fact extraction
    1. Entity Extraction
      1. Named-Entity Recognition(NER)
    2. Relation Extraction
  2. Understanding the question
  3. Generating an answer

Events

  • Wolfram Alpha launced the answer engine in 2009.
  • IBM Watson system defeated top Jeopardy! champions in 2011.
  • Apple's Siri integrated Wolfram Alpha's answer engine in 2011.
  • Google embraced QA by launching its Knowledge Graph, leveraging the free base knowledge base in 2012.
  • Amazon Echo | Alexa (2015), Google Home | Google Assistant (2016), INVOKE | MS Cortana (2017), HomePod (2017)

Systems

  • IBM Watson - Has state-of-the-arts performance.
  • Facebook DrQA - Applied to the SQuAD1.0 dataset. The SQuAD2.0 dataset has released. but DrQA is not tested yet.
  • MIT media lab's Knowledge graph - Is a freely-available semantic network, designed to help computers understand the meanings of words that people use.

Competitions in QA

Dataset Language Organizer Since Top Rank Model Status Over Human Performance
0 Story Cloze Test English Univ. of Rochester 2016 msap Logistic regression Closed x
1 MS MARCO English Microsoft 2016 YUANFUDAO research NLP MARS Closed o
2 MS MARCO V2 English Microsoft 2018 NTT Media Intelli. Lab. Masque Q&A Style Opened x
3 SQuAD English Univ. of Stanford 2018 XLNet (single model) XLNet Team Closed o
4 SQuAD 2.0 English Univ. of Stanford 2018 PINGAN Omni-Sinitic ALBERT + DAAF + Verifier (ensemble) Opened o
5 TriviaQA English Univ. of Washington 2017 Ming Yan - Closed -
6 decaNLP English Salesforce Research 2018 Salesforce Research MQAN Closed x
7 DuReader Ver1. Chinese Baidu 2015 Tryer T-Reader (single) Closed x
8 DuReader Ver2. Chinese Baidu 2017 renaissance AliReader Opened -
9 KorQuAD Korean LG CNS AI Research 2018 Clova AI LaRva Team LaRva-Kor-Large+ + CLaF (single) Closed o
10 KorQuAD 2.0 Korean LG CNS AI Research 2019 Kangwon National University KNU-baseline(single model) Opened x
11 CoQA English Univ. of Stanford 2018 Zhuiyi Technology RoBERTa + AT + KD (ensemble) Opened o

Publications

Codes

  • BiDAF - Bi-Directional Attention Flow (BIDAF) network is a multi-stage hierarchical process that represents the context at different levels of granularity and uses bi-directional attention flow mechanism to obtain a query-aware context representation without early summarization.
  • Official; Tensorflow v1.2
  • Paper
  • QANet - A Q&A architecture does not require recurrent networks: Its encoder consists exclusively of convolution and self-attention, where convolution models local interactions and self-attention models global interactions.
  • Google; Unofficial; Tensorflow v1.5
  • R-Net - An end-to-end neural networks model for reading comprehension style question answering, which aims to answer questions from a given passage.
  • MS; Unofficially by HKUST; Tensorflow v1.5
  • Paper
  • R-Net-in-Keras - R-NET re-implementation in Keras.
  • MS; Unofficial; Keras v2.0.6
  • Paper
  • DrQA - DrQA is a system for reading comprehension applied to open-domain question answering.
  • Facebook; Official; Pytorch v0.4
  • BERT - A new language representation model which stands for Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers. Unlike recent language representation models, BERT is designed to pre-train deep bidirectional representations by jointly conditioning on both left and right context in all layers.
  • Google; Official implementation; Tensorflow v1.11.0
  • Paper

Lectures

Slides

Dataset Collections

Datasets

  • AI2 Science Questions v2.1(2017)
  • It consists of questions used in student assessments in the United States across elementary and middle school grade levels. Each question is 4-way multiple choice format and may or may not include a diagram element.
  • Paper: http://ai2-website.s3.amazonaws.com/publications/AI2ReasoningChallenge2018.pdf
  • Children's Book Test
  • It is one of the bAbI project of Facebook AI Research which is organized towards the goal of automatic text understanding and reasoning. The CBT is designed to measure directly how well language models can exploit wider linguistic context.
  • CODAH Dataset
  • DeepMind Q&A Dataset; CNN/Daily Mail
  • Hermann et al. (2015) created two awesome datasets using news articles for Q&A research. Each dataset contains many documents (90k and 197k each), and each document companies on average 4 questions approximately. Each question is a sentence with one missing word/phrase which can be found from the accompanying document/context.
  • Paper: https://arxiv.org/abs/1506.03340
  • ELI5
  • Paper: https://arxiv.org/abs/1907.09190
  • GraphQuestions
  • On generating Characteristic-rich Question sets for QA evaluation.
  • LC-QuAD
  • It is a gold standard KBQA (Question Answering over Knowledge Base) dataset containing 5000 Question and SPARQL queries. LC-QuAD uses DBpedia v04.16 as the target KB.
  • MS MARCO
  • This is for real-world question answering.
  • Paper: https://arxiv.org/abs/1611.09268
  • MultiRC
  • A dataset of short paragraphs and multi-sentence questions
  • Paper: http://cogcomp.org/page/publication_view/833
  • NarrativeQA
  • It includes the list of documents with Wikipedia summaries, links to full stories, and questions and answers.
  • Paper: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1712.07040v1.pdf
  • NewsQA
  • A machine comprehension dataset
  • Paper: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1611.09830.pdf
  • Qestion-Answer Dataset by CMU
  • This is a corpus of Wikipedia articles, manually-generated factoid questions from them, and manually-generated answers to these questions, for use in academic research. These data were collected by Noah Smith, Michael Heilman, Rebecca Hwa, Shay Cohen, Kevin Gimpel, and many students at Carnegie Mellon University and the University of Pittsburgh between 2008 and 2010.
  • SQuAD1.0
  • Stanford Question Answering Dataset (SQuAD) is a reading comprehension dataset, consisting of questions posed by crowdworkers on a set of Wikipedia articles, where the answer to every question is a segment of text, or span, from the corresponding reading passage, or the question might be unanswerable.
  • Paper: https://arxiv.org/abs/1606.05250
  • SQuAD2.0
  • SQuAD2.0 combines the 100,000 questions in SQuAD1.1 with over 50,000 new, unanswerable questions written adversarially by crowdworkers to look similar to answerable ones. To do well on SQuAD2.0, systems must not only answer questions when possible, but also determine when no answer is supported by the paragraph and abstain from answering.
  • Paper: https://arxiv.org/abs/1806.03822
  • Story cloze test
  • 'Story Cloze Test' is a new commonsense reasoning framework for evaluating story understanding, story generation, and script learning. This test requires a system to choose the correct ending to a four-sentence story.
  • Paper: https://arxiv.org/abs/1604.01696
  • TriviaQA
  • TriviaQA is a reading comprehension dataset containing over 650K question-answer-evidence triples. TriviaQA includes 95K question-answer pairs authored by trivia enthusiasts and independently gathered evidence documents, six per question on average, that provide high quality distant supervision for answering the questions.
  • Paper: https://arxiv.org/abs/1705.03551
  • WikiQA
  • A publicly available set of question and sentence pairs for open-domain question answering.

The DeepQA Research Team in IBM Watson's publication within 5 years

  • 2015
  • "Automated Problem List Generation from Electronic Medical Records in IBM Watson", Murthy Devarakonda, Ching-Huei Tsou, IAAI, 2015.
  • "Decision Making in IBM Watson Question Answering", J. William Murdock, Ontology summit, 2015.
  • "Unsupervised Entity-Relation Analysis in IBM Watson", Aditya Kalyanpur, J William Murdock, ACS, 2015.
  • "Commonsense Reasoning: An Event Calculus Based Approach", E T Mueller, Morgan Kaufmann/Elsevier, 2015.
  • 2014
  • "Problem-oriented patient record summary: An early report on a Watson application", M. Devarakonda, Dongyang Zhang, Ching-Huei Tsou, M. Bornea, Healthcom, 2014.
  • "WatsonPaths: Scenario-based Question Answering and Inference over Unstructured Information", Adam Lally, Sugato Bachi, Michael A. Barborak, David W. Buchanan, Jennifer Chu-Carroll, David A. Ferrucci*, Michael R. Glass, Aditya Kalyanpur, Erik T. Mueller, J. William Murdock, Siddharth Patwardhan, John M. Prager, Christopher A. Welty, IBM Research Report RC25489, 2014.
  • "Medical Relation Extraction with Manifold Models", Chang Wang and James Fan, ACL, 2014.

MS Research's publication within 5 years

Google AI's publication within 5 years

Facebook AI Research's publication within 5 years

Books

  • Natural Language Question Answering system Paperback - Boris Galitsky (2003)
  • New Directions in Question Answering - Mark T. Maybury (2004)
  • Part 3. 5. Question Answering in The Oxford Handbook of Computational Linguistics - Sanda Harabagiu and Dan Moldovan (2005)
  • Chap.28 Question Answering in Speech and Language Processing - Daniel Jurafsky & James H. Martin (2017)

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